Safety matches are a type of matchstick designed to reduce the risk of accidental ignition. They typically consist of a matchstick coated with a special ignitable compound on the tip and a separate striking surface.
The key safety feature of safety matches is that they require a specific surface (the striking surface) to ignite. This surface typically contains red phosphorus, which ignites when rubbed against a rough surface, such as the striking surface of the matchbox.
Safety matches were invented in the 19th century as an improvement over earlier matches, which were prone to accidental ignition. Before their invention, matches were made with white phosphorus, a highly toxic substance that could cause health problems for matchmakers and users alike. Safety matches eliminated this danger by using red phosphorus, which is much less toxic.
Despite their name, safety matches are not completely risk-free and should still be handled with care. However, their design significantly reduces the likelihood of accidental fires compared to older match types. They remain widely used for lighting candles, stoves, and other applications where a flame is needed.